Likewise, we used r and w for read and write and in this section we will add x to make changes to the executable permissions.ġ. In the first section we used u and g for owner and group and in this section we will additionally use o to target permission changes for others. In this section it’s important not to add any extra spaces in the chmod arguments as this will cause the command to fail. We can also combine the arguments we used in the previous section to make multiple changes to Linux file permissions in a single command. $ ls -l How to Apply Multiple File / Directory Permission Changes in Linux We should now see that the permissions for test1.txt read -rw-r-r- indicating that, for the owner, write permissions have been granted. List the directory contents to view the new permission settings. Instead of using u-w to remove write permissions we can intuitively use u+w to grant write permissions for the owner. We should now see that the permissions for test1.txt read -r-r-r- indicating that, for the groups, the file is now read only.Ħ. To revoke write permissions we can use the argument g-w. Similar to changing permissions for the owner we can change permission settings for the groups. Change permission of groups to read only. We should now see that the permissions for test1.txt read -r-rw-r- indicating that, for the owner, the file is now read only. Change the permission of the owner to read only. These should be unchanged from when we created test1.txt and should read -rw-rw-r. In the test_directory, list the current permissions for test1.txt.

Let’s begin with changing single permissions for the owner and group.ġ. We can use the chmod command to toggle the read, write and execute permissions on and off for the owner, group and others. How to Change Linux File / Directory Permissions Quickly

No one has permission to execute the file. We can see that our test1.txt currently has the owner and group member permissions set to read and write with others only allowed to read. If you can see a w that set can write to a file and if you can see an x in the set then that set can execute the file as a script or program. If you can see an r in the set then that set has read permissions granted. Each set of 3 characters can contain either – or r, w, and x. The first set of 3 refers to the owner, the second set of 3 refer to user groups and the final set of three refer to others. The next 9 characters are arranged in 3 sets of 3. If we ran ls -l and a directory was listed this first character would be a d. The first – indicates that the object on the list is a file. We are interested in the first 10 characters on the listing which for our test file read - rw- rw- r. We should see that test1.txt has been created. Using ls -l gives us a lot more information about the items returned on the list. List the contents of the directory using ls -l.

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